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<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 概述 </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category"> 值类别</a>（左值 lvalue、右值 rvalue、亡值 xvalue）</td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#.E4.B8.8D.E6.B1.82.E5.80.BC.E8.A1.A8.E8.BE.BE.E5.BC.8F" title="cpp/language/expressions"> 不求值表达式</a></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 字面量 </td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 运算符 </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> 赋值运算符</a>:
<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&amp;=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a&lt;&lt;=b</code>, <code>a&gt;&gt;=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> 自增与自减</strong>: <code>++a</code>, <code>--a</code>, <code>a++</code>, <code>a--</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> 算术运算符</a>:
<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&amp;b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a&lt;&lt;b</code>, <code>a&gt;&gt;b</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> 逻辑运算符</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&amp;&amp;b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> 比较运算符</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a&lt;b</code>, <code>a&gt;b</code>, <code>a&lt;=b</code>, <code>a&gt;=b</code>, <code>a&lt;=&gt;b</code><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> 成员访问运算符</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&amp;a</code>, <code>a-&gt;b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a-&gt;*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> 其他运算符</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_comparisons.html" title="cpp/language/default comparisons">默认比较</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">运算符的代用表示</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">优先级和结合性</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">折叠表达式</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new 表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete 表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw 表达式</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof">alignof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">sizeof</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof...">sizeof...</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid">typeid</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept">noexcept</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">运算符重载</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> 类型转换 </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit conversion">隐式转换</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast">const_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast">static_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast">reinterpret_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast">dynamic_cast</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">显式转换</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">用户定义转换</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>自增/自减运算符增加或减小对象的值。
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;">

<tr>
<th rowspan="2"> 运算符名
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> 语法
</th>
<th rowspan="2"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">可重载</a>
</th>
<th colspan="2"> 原型示例（对于类 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">class</span> T</span></span>）
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th> 类内定义
</th>
<th> 类外定义
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> 前自增
</td>
<td> <code>++a</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">是
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> 前自减
</td>
<td> <code>--a</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">是
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> 后自增
</td>
<td> <code>a++</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">是
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> 后自减
</td>
<td> <code>a--</code>
</td>
<td style="background: #90ff90; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-yes">是
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T T<span class="sy4">::</span><span class="me2">operator</span><span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td>
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">T operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>T<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> a, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5">
<dl><dd><b>注解</b><br>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 内建运算符的前置版本返回<i>引用</i>而后置版本返回<i>值</i>，典型的<a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">用户定义重载</a>也遵循该模式，从而使用户定义运算符可以与内建版本相同的方式使用。然而，用户定义重载中，能以任何类型为返回类型（包括 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">void</span></span></span>）。
</li><li> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> 形参是用于区别运算符的前置和后置版本的空设形参。调用用户定义的运算符时，该形参中传递的值始终为零，但通过函数调用记法调用这个运算符时可以更改它（例如 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a.<span class="me1">operator</span><span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> 或 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>a, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>）。
</li></ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.A7.A3.E9.87.8A">解释</span></h3>
<p><i>前自增 </i>与<i> 前自减 </i>运算符增加或减小对象的值，并返回到其结果的引用。
</p><p><i>后自增 </i>与<i> 后自减 </i>创建对象的副本，增加或减小对象的值，并返回自增或自减前的副本。
</p>
 <table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-cxx20"><td>
<p>以 volatile 限定的非类类型左值为这些运算符的内建版本的操作数是被弃用的。
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20 起)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.86.85.E5.BB.BA.E7.9A.84.E5.89.8D.E7.BD.AE.E8.BF.90.E7.AE.97.E7.AC.A6">内建的前置运算符</span></h4>
<p>前置自增与自减表达式的形式为
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>++</b></code> <span class="t-spar">表达式</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>--</b></code> <span class="t-spar">表达式</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 前置自增（前自增）</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 前置自减（前自减）</div>
<p>内建前置自增或自减运算符的操作数 <span class="t-spar">表达式</span> 必须是<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span>非布尔的</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></span></span>算术类型或指向完整定义的<a href="incomplete_type.html" title="cpp/language/type">对象类型</a>的指针类型的可修改（非 const）<a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category">左值</a>。对于非布尔操作数，表达式 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">++</span>x</span></span> 严格等价于 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>，而表达式 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">--</span>x</span></span> 严格等价于 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span>，即前置自增与自减是标识修改后的操作数的左值表达式。所有针对<a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">算术运算符</a>定义的算术转换规则和指针算术规则都适用，并由此确定应用到操作数的隐式转换（若存在）以及表达式的返回类型。
</p><p><span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>若前自增运算符的运算数为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 类型，则它被设为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw2">true</span></span></span> <span class="t-mark">(弃用)</span>。</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span></span></span>
</p><p>在<a href="overload_resolution.html#.E8.B0.83.E7.94.A8.E9.87.8D.E8.BD.BD.E8.BF.90.E7.AE.97.E7.AC.A6" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">针对用户定义运算符的重载决议</a>中，对于每个 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 以外的可选地有 volatile 限定的算术类型 <code>A</code>，和对于每个可选地有 volatile 限定的指向可选地有 cv 限定的对象类型的指针 <code>P</code>，下列函数签名参与重载决议：
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">bool</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark">(弃用)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P<span class="sy3">&amp;</span> operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.86.85.E5.BB.BA.E7.9A.84.E5.90.8E.E7.BD.AE.E8.BF.90.E7.AE.97.E7.AC.A6">内建的后置运算符</span></h4>
<p>后置自增与自减表达式拥有形式
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <span class="t-spar">表达式</span> <code><b>++</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <span class="t-spar">表达式</span> <code><b>--</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>



<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> 后置自增（后自增）</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> 后置自减（后自减）</div>
<p>内建后置自增或自减运算符的操作数 <span class="t-spar">表达式</span> 必须是<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx17"><span>非布尔的</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17 起)</span></span></span>算术类型或指向完整定义的<a href="incomplete_type.html" title="cpp/language/type">对象类型</a>的指针类型的可修改（非 const）<a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category">左值</a>。结果是操作数原值的<a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category">纯右值</a>副本。作为副作用，对于非布尔操作数，表达式 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x<span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> 如同 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span> 一般修改其操作数的值，而表达式 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span> 如同 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">x <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span></span></span> 一般修改其操作数的值。所有为<a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">算术运算符</a>定义的算术转换规则和指针算术规则都适用，并由此确定应用到操作数的隐式转换（若存在）以及表达式的返回类型。
</p><p><span class="t-rev-inl t-until-cxx17"><span>若后自增运算符的操作数为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 类型，则它被设为 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw2">true</span></span></span> <span class="t-mark">(弃用)</span>。</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span></span></span>
</p><p>在<a href="overload_resolution.html#.E8.B0.83.E7.94.A8.E9.87.8D.E8.BD.BD.E8.BF.90.E7.AE.97.E7.AC.A6" title="cpp/language/overload resolution">针对用户定义运算符的重载决议</a>中，对于每个 <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span></span></span> 以外的可选地有 volatile 限定的算术类型 <code>A</code>，和对于每个可选地有 volatile 限定的指向可选地有 cv 限定的对象类型的指针 <code>P</code>，下列函数签名参与重载决议：
</p>
<table class="t-dcl-begin"><tbody>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">bool</span> operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">bool</span><span class="sy3">&amp;</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td> <span class="t-mark">(弃用)</span><span class="t-mark-rev t-until-cxx17">(C++17 前)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P operator<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">A operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>A<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl">
<td class="t-dcl-nopad"> <div><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">P operator<span class="sy2">--</span><span class="br0">(</span>P<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>, <span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></div></td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
<td class="t-dcl-nopad">  </td>
</tr>
<tr class="t-dcl-sep"><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.A4.BA.E4.BE.8B">示例</span></h4>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">运行此代码</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n1<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n3 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy2">++</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n1<span class="sy4">;</span>
    <span class="kw4">int</span> n4 <span class="sy1">=</span> n1<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">//  int n5 = n1++ ++;   // 错误</span>
<span class="co1">//  int n6 = n1 + ++n1; // 未定义行为</span>
    <a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1758">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"n1 = "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n1 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
              <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"n2 = "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n2 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
              <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"n3 = "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n3 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span>
              <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">"n4 = "</span> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> n4 <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>输出：
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">n1 = 5
n2 = 2
n3 = 4
n4 = 4</pre></div></div> 
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B3.A8.E8.A7.A3">注解</span></h3>
<p>因为涉及到了副作用，所以必须谨慎使用内建的自增和自减运算符，以避免违背<a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">定序规则</a>所致的未定义行为。
</p><p>由于后自增和后自减期间会构造对象的临时副本，故在不使用返回值的语境中<i>前自增</i>或<i>前自减</i>运算符通常更有效率。
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.A0.87.E5.87.86.E5.BA.93">标准库</span></h3>
<p>自增和自减运算符对许多标准库类型重载。特别是每个<a href="../named_req/Iterator.html" title="cpp/named req/Iterator"><i>遗留迭代器</i> <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; font-style:italic">(LegacyIterator)</span> </a>都重载了 operator++，而且每个<a href="../named_req/BidirectionalIterator.html" title="cpp/named req/BidirectionalIterator"><i>遗留双向迭代器</i> <span style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; font-style:italic">(LegacyBidirectionalIterator)</span> </a>都重载了 operator--，即便这些运算符对于某些特定迭代器是无操作的。
</p>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

<tr>
<td colspan="2"> <h5> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.AF.B9.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.AF.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E7.9A.84.E9.87.8D.E8.BD.BD">  对算术类型的重载 </span></h5>
</td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../atomic/atomic/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/atomic/atomic/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>  令原子值增加或减少一 <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::atomic&lt;T&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../chrono/duration/operator_arith2.html" title="cpp/chrono/duration/operator arith2"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>  递增或递减滴答计数 <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::chrono::duration&lt;Rep,Period&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr>
<td colspan="2"> <h5> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.AF.B9.E8.BF.AD.E4.BB.A3.E5.99.A8.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B.E7.9A.84.E9.87.8D.E8.BD.BD">  对迭代器类型的重载 </span></h5>
</td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../memory/raw_storage_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/memory/raw storage iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   推进迭代器 <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::raw_storage_iterator&lt;OutputIt,T&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/reverse_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/reverse iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator+=</span><span>operator+</span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator-=</span><span>operator-</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   推进或回退迭代器  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::reverse_iterator&lt;Iter&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/move_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/move iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator+=</span><span>operator+</span><span>operator--</span><span>operator--<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span><span>operator-=</span><span>operator-</span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   推进或回退迭代器  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::move_iterator&lt;Iter&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/front_insert_iterator/operator%2B%2B.html" title="cpp/iterator/front insert iterator/operator++"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   无操作  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::front_insert_iterator&lt;Container&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/back_insert_iterator/operator%2B%2B.html" title="cpp/iterator/back insert iterator/operator++"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   无操作  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::back_insert_iterator&lt;Container&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/insert_iterator/operator%2B%2B.html" title="cpp/iterator/insert iterator/operator++"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   无操作  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::insert_iterator&lt;Container&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/istream_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/istream iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   推进迭代器  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::istream_iterator&lt;T,CharT,Traits,Distance&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/ostream_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/ostream iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>  无操作 <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::ostream_iterator&lt;T,CharT,Traits&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/istreambuf_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/istreambuf iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   推进迭代器  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::istreambuf_iterator&lt;CharT,Traits&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../iterator/ostreambuf_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/iterator/ostreambuf iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   无操作  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::ostreambuf_iterator&lt;CharT,Traits&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../regex/regex_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/regex/regex iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   推进迭代器到下一个匹配  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::regex_iterator&lt;BidirIt,CharT,Traits&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>

<tr class="t-dsc">
<td>  <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><a href="../regex/regex_token_iterator/operator_arith.html" title="cpp/regex/regex token iterator/operator arith"> <span class="t-lines"><span>operator++</span><span>operator++<span class="t-dsc-small">(int)</span></span></span></a></div></div>
</td>
<td>   推进迭代器到下一个子匹配  <br> <span class="t-mark">(<code>std::regex_token_iterator&lt;BidirIt,CharT,Traits&gt;</code> 的公开成员函数)</span> </td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.8F.82.E9.98.85">参阅</span></h3>
<p><a href="operator_precedence.html" title="cpp/language/operator precedence">运算符优先级</a>
</p><p><a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">运算符重载</a>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr style="text-align:center">
<th colspan="7">常见运算符
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment">赋值</a>
</td>
<td> <strong class="selflink">自增<br>自减</strong>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">算术</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical">逻辑</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison">比较</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access">成员访问</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other">其他</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;&gt;=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">++</span>a<br>
<span class="sy2">--</span>a<br>
a<span class="sy2">++</span><br>
a<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">+</span>a<br>
<span class="sy2">-</span>a<br>
a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">-</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">*</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">/</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">%</span> b<br>
~a<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">|</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">^</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;&gt;</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">!</span>a<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">||</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">==</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;=&gt;</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">[</span>b<span class="br0">]</span><br>
<span class="sy2">*</span>a<br>
<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>a<br>
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>b<br>
a.<span class="me1">b</span><br>
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy2">*</span>b<br>
a.<span class="sy2">*</span>b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span><br>
a, b<br>
<span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="sy4">:</span></span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="7">特殊运算符
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">
<p><a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a> 转换一个类型为另一相关类型<br>
<a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a> 在继承层级中转换<br>
<a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> 添加或移除 <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">cv</a> 限定符<br>
<a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a> 转换类型到无关类型<br>
<a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">C 风格转型</a> 以 <code>static_cast</code> 、 <code>const_cast</code> 及 <code>reinterpret_cast</code> 的混合转换一个类型到另一类型<br>
<a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"><tt>new</tt></a> 创建有动态存储期的对象<br>
<a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"><tt>delete</tt></a> 销毁先前由 new 表达式创建的对象，并释放其所拥有的内存区域<br>
<a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><tt>sizeof</tt></a> 查询类型的大小<br>
<a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><tt>sizeof...</tt></a> 查询<a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack">形参包</a>的大小<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span><br>
<a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><tt>typeid</tt></a> 查询类型的类型信息<br>
<a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept"><tt>noexcept</tt></a> 查询表达式是否能抛出异常<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span><br>
<a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><tt>alignof</tt></a> 查询类型的对齐要求<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11 起)</span>
</p>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table>

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